Nylon powders are generally used as a protective coating. What is the function of granules? Granular leukocytes, also called granular or granulated white blood cells, contain granules in their cytoplasm. Granules are tiny sacs that contain various enzymes, compounds and other components that are used to defend against pathogens, reduce inflammation and destroy cells.
What are granules used for? What are granules made of? Primary granules contain cationic proteins and defensens that are used to kill bacteria, proteolytic enzymes and cathepsin G to break down bacterial proteins, lysozyme to break down bacterial cell walls, and myeloperoxidase used to generate toxic bacteria-killing substances. Is garlic granules the same as garlic powder?
The main difference between garlic powder and granulated garlic is texture. Both are made of dehydrated garlic.
Garlic powder has a very fine consistency, more like flour. Granulated garlic is coarser, more like the consistency of cornmeal. What is the best garlic powder? Best Garlic Powders comparison table 1st Place. McCormick Fine Garlic Powder, 21 oz. McCormick Garlic Powder, 8. Can you use garlic powder instead of granulated garlic?
If you don't have garlic granules, use garlic powder as a replacement. Being finely ground, you need only a small amount of garlic powder, if it is used as a substitute for the granulated form. Advantages of Granulated Garlic Less likely to clump as compared to powder Better for salad dressings, sauces and soups because it combines better with liquids Better for spice rubs because it will mix more evenly with other spices The preferable substitute to fresh garlic Advantages of Garlic Powder The powder form is more potent than the granulated form Better for recipes with short cooking times because it will release flavor faster Better for marinades Will provide a more intense garlic flavor Substitution Recommendations Keep in mind that because garlic powder has a finer consistency, the same amount of granulated garlic will be less potent.
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This is most common for low-potency drugs. These are reconstituted just prior to use to avoid chemical degradation. Examples are antibiotic powders for syrups and powders for injection. Most pharmaceutical granules have a short lifetime before being incorporated into tablets mainly or hard-gelatin capsule dosage forms. There is also water-free melt granulation for water-sensitive products. The scientific aspects of powders and powder technology have been discussed in Part 2 of this book.
This chapter discusses the application of powders and granulated products in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Powders and granules are used as dosage forms in their own right, but by far the greatest use of granules in pharmaceutical manufacturing is as an intermediate during the manufacture of compressed tablets. The function of the added excipients depends upon the intended use of the product. Colouring, flavouring and sweetening agents, for example, may be added to powders for oral use.
Granules that are used as a dosage form comprise powder particles that have been aggregated to form larger particles sufficiently robust to withstand handling. Granulation is the process in which dry primary powder particles i. Pharmaceutical granules typically have a size range between 0. In the majority of cases, when granules will be made as an intermediate product, they have a size range towards the lower end of this spectrum — typical between 0.
When prepared for use as a dosage form in their own right, they are usually much larger typically 1—4 mm. After granulation, the granules will either be packaged when used as a dosage form or they may be mixed with other excipients prior to tablet compaction or capsule filling. An ideal granulation will contain all the constituents of the mix in the correct proportion in each granule, and if this is achieved segregation of individual ingredients will not occur Fig.
It is also important to control the particle size distribution of the granules because, although the individual components may not segregate, if there is a wide size distribution of the granules themselves, the granules may segregate. If this occurs in the hoppers of sachet-filling machines, capsule-filling machines or tabletting machines, products having large weight variations will result.
This is because these machines fill by volume rather than weight. If different regions in the hopper contain granules of different sizes and hence different bulk density , a given volume from each region will contain a different weight of granules. This will lead to an unacceptable variability of the drug content within the batch of finished product even if the drug is evenly distributed, weight per weight, through individual granules.
Many powders, because of their small size, irregular shape or surface characteristics, are cohesive and do not flow well. Poor powder flow will also often result in a wide weight variation within the final product due to variable fill of tablet dies, etc.
The resulting granules produced from irregular particles will be larger and more isodiametric, both factors contributing to improved flow properties discussed more fully in Chapter Some primary powder particles are difficult to compact into tablets even if a readily compactable adhesive is included in the blend.
Granules of the same formulation are often more easily compacted and produce stronger tablets. This is associated with the method employed to produce the granule and its resulting structure.
Often solute migration see Chapter 29 may occur during the post-wet granulation drying stage and this can result in a binder-rich outer layer to the granules. This in turn leads to direct binder—binder bonding which assists the consolidation of weakly bonding materials. The above are the primary reasons for the granulation of pharmaceutical products but there are others which may necessitate the granulation of powdered material:. Suitable precautions must be taken to ensure that such dust is not a hazard during the granulation process itself notably during the mixing of the dry ingredients and during drying of the granules.
The granules produced should be non-friable and have a suitable mechanical strength. Granulation may reduce this hazard as the granules will be able to absorb some moisture and yet retain their flowability because of their size. They are therefore more convenient for storage or shipment.
Powdered and granulated products are dispensed in many forms and these are discussed below. The advantages of this type of preparation as a dosage form are as follows:. Solid preparations are more chemically stable than liquid ones. The shelf-life of powders for antibiotic syrups, for example, is 2—3 years, but once they are reconstituted with water it is only 1—2 weeks.
The instability observed in liquid preparations is usually the primary reason for presenting some injections as powders to be reconstituted just prior to use. Powders and granules are a convenient form in which to dispense drugs with a high dose. The dose of Compound Magnesium Trisilicate Oral Powder is 1—5 g and, although it is feasible to manufacture tablets to supply this dose, it is often more acceptable to the patient to disperse a powder in water and swallow it as a draught.
Orally administered powders and granules of soluble medicaments have a faster dissolution rate than tablets or capsules, as these must first disintegrate before the drug dissolves. Drug release from such powdered or granulated preparations will therefore generally be faster than from the corresponding tablet or capsule.
Bulk powders or granules i. Modern packaging methods for divided preparations, such as heat-sealable laminated sachets Chapter 47 , mean that individual doses can be carried conveniently.
The masking of unpleasant tastes may be a problem with this type of preparation. A method of attempting taste-masking is by formulating the powder into a pleasantly tasting or taste-masked effervescent product.
However, the manufacture of tablets and capsules is a more appropriate alternative for low-dose products. Bulk powders or bulk granules are not suitable for the administration of potent drugs with a low dose.
This is because individual doses are extracted from the bulk using a 5 mL spoon. This method is subject to such variables as variation in spoon fill e. It is therefore not an accurate method of measurement. Divided preparations have been used for more potent drugs, but tablets and capsules have largely replaced them for this purpose.
Powders and granules are not a suitable method for the administration of drugs which are inactivated in, or cause damage to, the stomach; these should be presented as enteric-coated tablets, for example. Oral powders are preparations consisting of solid, loose, dry particles of varying degrees of fine particle size.
They contain one or more active substances, with or without excipients and, if necessary, approved colouring matter and flavouring. They are generally administered in or with water or another suitable liquid, or they may also be swallowed directly. They are presented as single-dose or multidose preparations in suitable containers. Multidose oral powders are packed into a suitable bulk container, such as a wide-mouthed glass jar.
They require the provision of a measuring device capable of delivering the quantity prescribed. Because of the difficulty in precisely measuring single doses from this type of preparation the constituents are usually relatively non-toxic medicaments with a large dose. Each dose of a single-dose powder is enclosed in an individual container, for example a sachet or a vial. Traditionally, single doses were wrapped in paper. This was unsatisfactory for most products, particularly if the ingredients were hygroscopic, volatile or deliquescent.
Modern packaging materials of foil and plastic laminates have replaced such paper wrappings; they offer superior protective qualities and are amenable to use on high-speed packing machines.
However, some paper-wrapped powders continue in over-the-counter products. In the manufacture of oral powders, effort is made to ensure a suitable particle size is used with regard to the intended use.
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